4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid

A polyphenol with diverse biological activities; inhibits HIV-1 integrase 3' end processing, 3’ end joining, and disintegration (IC50s = 0.13, 0.24, and 0.3 μg/ml, respectively); inhibits HIV-1 replication in MT-2 T lymphoblastoid cells (EC50 = 2 µg/ml); scavenges DPPH radicals in a cell-free assay (IC50 = 19.8 µM) and inhibits superoxide production in human neutrophils activated by fMLF and cytochalasin B (IC50 = 1.49 µM); decreases PGE2 production in LPS-stimulated U937 cells at 5 and 10 µg/ml but increases it at 200 µg/ml and increases TNF-α production at 5-200 µg/ml; inhibits melanogenesis by 84% and decreases the levels of proteins involved in melanin biosynthesis in B16F1 murine melanocytes at 25 µM