N-(32-Linoleoyloxy-dotriacontanoyl)-sphingosine-D9 Reference: M2208-1 This product is a high purity omega-esterified ceramide that is ideal as a standard and for studies involving skin-barrier lipids. Omega-esterified ceramides are found almost exclusively in the epidermal layer, especially the stratum corneum. The stratum corneum is the outermost cellular layer of the epidermis and functions as the permeability barrier in mammals. It contains 12 extractable ceramide fractions containing sphingosine, 6-hydroxysphingosine, dihydrosphingosine and phytosphingosine bases.1,2 The omega-esterified ceramides are formed from glucosylceramide and sphingomyelin in special lamellar bodies in epidermal cells from which they are excreted into the extracellular domain of the outermost cell layer of the epidermis. Mammalian skin contains significant amounts of sphingolipids (as much as 50% of the total lipids), particularly very long chain linoleoyl esterified ceramide and glucosylceramide (also called O-acylceramide and O-acylglucosylceramide). These lipids, which are mostly found in the extracellular domains, are vital to the water permeability barrier to prevent lethal loss of water and pathogen invasion. The omega-esterified ceramides can be covalently bound to proteins of the cornified envelope where they form a hydrophobic layer. A deficiency of linoleoyl omega-esterified ceramides is strongly correlated with skin diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis.3
13C6-Glucosylsphingosine Reference: M2209-1 Glucosylsphingosine is the lyso-derivative of the common glycolipid glucocerebroside. This product is a stable isotope labeled standard containing six carbon-13 units on the glucose moiety. Glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine are important biological species that are the precursors for many complex glycosphingolipids. These lipids are involved in critical cellular functions such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, signal transduction, cell-to-cell interactions, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. One of the most important roles of glucosylsphingosine is as a biomarker for the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease. Gaucher disease is characterized by an accumulation of glucocerebroside due to a deficiency in the enzyme glucocerebrosidase and it has now been found that glucosylsphingosine also accumulates in this disease.1 This accumulation of glucosylsphingosine contributes to neuronal dysfunction and destruction in patients with neuronopathic Gaucher disease2 and it has been found to be a potent inhibitor of glucocerebrosidase. At least some instances of Gaucher disease also have a deficiency in the activity of glucopsychosine beta-glucosidase, the enzyme responsible for cleaving off the glucose of glucopsychosine and glucocerebroside. Like glucocerebroside and galactocerebroside, glucosylsphingosine can increase Ca2 + mobilization from intracellular stores although it uses a different mechanism.3 Conduritol B epoxide (CBE), an inhibitor of beta-glucosidase, and l-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-l-propanol (PDMP), an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, can be used to create a model of Gaucher disease and consequently an accumulation of glucosylsphingosine.4
N-omega-CD3-Octadecanoyl-phytosphingosine Reference: M2210-1 This product is a well-defined ceramide containing a deuterated stearic acid acylated to the sphingosine base making it an ideal stable isotope-labeled standard for lipidomic studies using mass spectrometry. Stable isotope-labeled tracers are ideal for studies involving the metabolism and various metabolites of a lipid and can be used for the quantitative evaluation of major lipid pathways.1 Lipidomics has shown great success in the use of deuterium labeled compounds in identifying and quantifying individual molecular species by the use of tandem mass spectrometry.2 Phytosphingosine is a long-chain sphingoid base having important cellular functions such as signaling, cytoskeletal structure, celluar cycle, and heat stress response. It is found largely in mammals, plants, and yeast. Phytosphingosine has seen much use in cosmetics due to its effects on the skin such as reducing inflammation by inhibiting the expression of the allergic cytokines IL-4 and TNF-α and the activation of the transcription factors NF-jB and c-jun in histamine-stimulated skin tissues.3 Phytosphingosine can lead to apoptosis via two distinct pathways and has been investigated as a possible cancer therapeutic treatment.4 Phytoceramides (fatty acid acylated to Phytosphingosine) are distributed at the microvillous membrane of the epithelial cells of the small intestine. Crypt cells and the adjacent epithelial cells produce phytosphingoglycolipids in much greater quantities than more differentiated epithelial cells.5 The kidney and skin also contain phytosphingoglycolipids although in much lower concentrations than in the small intestine. Phytoceramides form part of the water barrier lipids of the skin.
KEL-FIM-FAME-5 Mixture (Methyl ester mixture) Reference: M4210-1 This fatty acid methyl ester mixture contains 19 fatty acids for the identification and quantification of unknowns.1 It is prepared from high purity stock material and contains saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. This mixture is very useful for bacterial identification,2 triglyceride determination and the analysis of various plant and animal lipids.3 Understanding the role of fatty acids and fatty acid metabolism in plants and animals is important in drug development. Composition: It contains the methyl esters of the following fatty acids (mg/ml in parentheses):,C8:0 (0.3),C10:0 (0.5),C12:0 (1.0),C13:0 (0.5),C14:0 (0.5),C14:1 (0.3),C15:0 (0.3),C16:0 (2.0),C16:1 (1.0),C17:0 (0.5),C18:0 (1.0),C18:1tr (0.4),C18:1c (3.0),C18:2 (2.0),C20:0 (0.3),C18:3 (1.0),C20:1 (0.3),C22:0 (0.3),C22:1 (0.3),listed in order of their elution.
iST TurboGFP-Trap Kit Reference: tbtak-iST-8 Kit for AP-MS sample preparation of TurboGFP-fusion proteins. 8 reations plus 2 controls.
Clostripain (Endoproteinase-Arg-C) Sequencing Grade Reference: 252-10103-1 Chromatographically purified. A dialyzed, lyophilized, pre-activated powder. Supplied in 10 ug high recovery vials.
Carboxypeptidase B Reference: 252-10104 Chromatographically purified. A solution in 100 mM sodium chloride. Chymotrypsin and trypsin less than 0.02%.
Carboxypeptidase B, PMSF Treated Reference: 252-10105 A solution in 100 mM sodium chloride. PMSF treated to inhibit tryptic and chymotryptic activities. Chymotrypsin and trypsin are less than 0.02%.
Carboxypeptidase Y Reference: 252-10106 A highly purified preparation supplied as a lyophilized powder.
Chymotrypsin, Alpha, TLCK Treated, Sequencing Grade Reference: 252-10111 Three times crystallized and treated with 1-chloro-3-tosylamido-7-amino-2-heptanone (TLCK) to inhibit trypsin activity [Shaw, et al., Biochemistry, 4, 2219, (1965)]. Dialyzed to remove autolysis products and low molecular weight contaminants. Supplied as lyophilized powder.
Collagenase, Purified Reference: 252-10113 Chromatographically purified. Less than 50 caseinase units per milligram. Supplied as a lyophilized powder.
Collagenase, Type 1 Reference: 252-10114 The original balance of enzymatic activities. Each lot assayed for collagenase, caseinase, clostripain and tryptic activities. Suggested for epithelial, liver, lung and adrenal primary cell isolations. A dialyzed, lyophilized powder.