Monosialoganglioside Mixture Reference: M1508-1 This product contains the monosialogangliosides GM1, GM2, and GM3 in approximately equal amounts. It is a qualitative mixture prepared from highly pure materials and is in chloroform/methanol/water (2:1:0.1). The defining characteristic of gangliosides is the sialic acid moiety of the oligosaccharide head group. This mixture contains gangliosides having one sialic acid. Gangliosides1 are acidic glycosphingolipids that form lipid rafts in the outer leaflet of the cell plasma membrane, especially in neuronal cells in the central nervous system.2 They participate in cellular proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, signal transduction, cell-to-cell interactions, tumorigenesis, and metastasis.3 The accumulation of gangliosides has been linked to several diseases including Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease. An autoimmune response against gangliosides can lead to Guillain-Barre syndrome. Gangliosides act as receptors for various toxins and bacteria, accumulate in different tumors, and aid in many neuronal functions. Therefore they are very important in therapeutic processes. This is a qualitative mixture and should not be used for quantitative purposes. Composition: GM3, GM2, GM1
Disialoganglioside Mixture Reference: M1509-1 This product contains the disialogangliosides GD3, GD1a, and GD1b in approximately equal amounts. It is a qualitative mixture prepared from highly pure materials and is in chloroform/methanol/water (2:1:0.1). The defining characteristic of gangliosides is the sialic acid moiety of the oligosaccharide head group. This mixture contains gangliosides having two sialic acids. Gangliosides1 are acidic glycosphingolipids that form lipid rafts in the outer leaflet of the cell plasma membrane, especially in neuronal cells in the central nervous system.2 They participate in cellular proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, signal transduction, cell-to-cell interactions, tumorigenesis, and metastasis.3 The accumulation of gangliosides has been linked to several diseases including Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease while an autoimmune response against gangliosides can lead to Guillain-Barré syndrome. Gangliosides act as receptors for various toxins and bacteria, accumulate in different tumors, and aid in many neuronal functions. Therefore they are very important in therapeutic processes. This is a qualitative mixture and should not be used for quantitative purposes. Composition: GD3, GD1a, GD1b
Lactosylceramides & Sialosyl Derivatives Mixture Reference: M1510-1 This product contains lactosylceramide and the gangliosides GM3 and GD3. It is a qualitative mixture prepared from highly pure materials. Lactosylceramide is the precursor of many other glycosphingolipids and also functions as a second messenger and protein receptor, making it a very important organic molecule. Lactosylceramide helps to stabilize the lipid membrane, activate receptor molecules and acts as a receptor for certain bacteria and toxins. Its role as a second messenger has been found to be vital and dysfunctions in its processes can lead to cancer and inflammation since it is critical to neutrophil activity and in activating anti-inflammatory responses.1 Gangliosides participate in cellular proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, signal transduction, cell-to-cell interactions, tumorigenesis, and metastasis.2 Gangliosides act as receptors for various toxins and bacteria, accumulate in different tumors, and aid in many neuronal processes. Because of these functions both lactosylceramide and gangliosides are both very important in therapeutic processes.3,4 This is a qualitative mixture and should not be used for quantitative purposes. Composition: LC, GM3, GD3
Gangliotetraosylceramide & Sialosyl Derivatives Mixture Reference: M1511-1 This product contains the gangliosides asialo GM1, GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b in approximately equal amounts. It is a qualitative mixture prepared from highly pure materials and is in chloroform/methanol/water (2:1:0.1). The defining characteristic of gangliosides is the sialic acid moiety of the oligosaccharide head group. This mixture contains gangliosides having one, two, and three sialic acids as well as an asialo ganglioside. Gangliosides1 are acidic glycosphingolipids that form lipid rafts in the outer leaflet of the cell plasma membrane, especially in neuronal cells in the central nervous system.2 They participate in cellular proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, signal transduction, cell-to-cell interactions, tumorigenesis, and metastasis.3 The accumulation of gangliosides has been linked to several diseases including Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease. An autoimmune response against gangliosides can lead to Guillain-Barre syndrome. Gangliosides act as receptors for various toxins and bacteria, accumulate in different tumors, and aid in many neuronal functions. Therefore they are very important in therapeutic processes. This is a qualitative mixture and should not be used for quantitative purposes. Composition: GM1, asialo GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b
N-Heptadecanoyl-ceramide trihexoside Reference: M1523-500 This product is a well-defined CTH containing the uncommon heptadecanoic acid acylated to the ceramide making it ideal as an internal standard and for biological studies.1 Ceramide trihexoside (CTH) is a glycosphingolipid found mostly in mammalian cell membranes. It is involved in cellular signaling and has been identified as a receptor for various toxins including shiga toxins and shiga-like toxins.2 Some toxins, such as veratoxins from Escherichia coli, require specific fatty acids on the ceramide portion of CTH to show affinity in binding. An accumulation of CTH in the cellular membranes due to a lack of alpha-galactosidase to convert it into lactosyl ceramide results in Fabry disease.3 This product can be used as an excellent standard for the identification of CTH in Fabry disease by HPLC4 and mass spectrometry. An inability to convert CTH to globoside due to mutations in the gene sequence leads to the Pk blood group phenotype. It appears that under certain conditions CTH can enhance anticoagulant activity. CTH has also been studied as a tool to investigate lymphocyte activation.5
N-Tricosanoyl-ceramide trihexoside Reference: M1524-500 This product is a well-defined ceramide trihexoside containing a tricosanoic fatty acid acyl group on the sphingosine. Ceramide trihexoside is a glycosphingolipid found mostly in mammalian cell membranes. It is involved in cellular signaling and has been identified as a receptor for various toxins including shiga toxins and shiga-like toxins.1 Some toxins, such as veratoxins from Escherichia coli, require specific fatty acids on the ceramide portion of CTH to show affinity in binding. An accumulation of CTH in the cellular membranes due to a lack of alpha-galactosidase to convert it into lactosyl ceramide results in Fabry disease.2 This product can be used as an excellent standard for the identification of CTH in Fabry disease by HPLC3 and mass spectrometry.4 An inability to convert CTH to globoside due to mutations in the gene sequence leads to the Pk Blood Group Phenotype. It appears that under certain conditions CTH can enhance anticoagulant activity. CTH has also been studied as a tool to investigate lymphocyte activation.5
N-Glycinated lyso-ceramide trihexoside Reference: M1530-1 N-Glycinated lyso-ceramide trihexoside is an analogue of the important biomolecule lyso-ceramide trihexoside (globotriaosylsphingosine, lyso-Gb3). It is ideal for use as an internal standard in the extraction and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of lyso-ceramide trihexoside.(1) The free amine group gives this product very similar physical characteristics to the natural lyso-ceramide trihexoside while the glycine adds an additional 57 units to the molecule making it easy to detect by MS. lyso-Ceramide trihexoside and the acylated ceramide trihexoside (globotriaosylceramide, Gb3) are important biomarkers for the lysosomal storage disorder Fabry disease.(2) Fabry disease is characterized by a deficiency in the enzyme - galactosidase, resulting in an accumulation of ceramide trihexoside and lyso-ceramide trihexoside.(3) Early detection and treatment of this disease is critical to prevent damage to various organs.
N-omega-CD3-Hexadecanoyl-glucopsychosine Reference: M1533-1 This cerebroside product is a glycosphingolipid containing a glucose attached to a ceramide (glucocerebroside) acylated with a deuterated fatty acid, making it an ideal mass spectroscopy standard. Glucocerebroside is a major constituent of skin lipids where it has an important role in lamellar body formation and in maintaining the water permeability barrier. Glucocerebroside is very important due to its function as the biosynthetic precursor of lactosylceramide and from there of most of the neutral oligoglycolipids and gangliosides.1 Glucocerebroside is the only glycosphingolipid that is found in plants, fungi, and animals and is one of the most abundant glycosphingolipids in plants. Due to the relatively high melting point of cerebrosides (much greater than physiological body temperature) they have a para-crystalline structure. Glucocerebrosides tend to be concentrated in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane in lipid rafts. It has been reported that glucocerebrosides are essential for the activity of tyrosinase (a key enzyme in melanin biosynthesis), to elicit defense responses in plants, and to help the plasma membrane in plants to withstand stresses brought about by cold and drought. In Gaucher’s disease glucocerebrosides accumulate in the spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and brain due to a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase.2 This accumulation of glucocerebroside has been associated with chemotherapy resistance. Glucocerebroside has been shown to be able to modulate membrane traffic along the endocytic pathway.3
N-omega-CD3-Hexadecanoyl-lactosylceramide Reference: M1534-1 This high purity, deuterated product is ideal for the identification of lactosylceramides in samples and biological systems using mass spectrometry and HPLC. Lactosylceramide is the precursor of many other glycosphingolipids and also functions as a second messenger and protein receptor, making it a very important organic molecule. Many cellular processes are dependent on lactosylceramide since it is the substrate for neutral oligoglycosylceramides, sulfatides and gangliosides, all of which have their own vital functions. Lactosylceramide also helps to stabilize the lipid membrane, activate receptor molecules and acts as a receptor for certain bacteria and toxins. In animals, where it is found mostly in epithelial and neuronal cells, it is expressed on neutrophils and macrophages where it binds to toxins and bacteria, which are then engulfed and eliminated. Its role as a second messenger has been found to be vital and dysfunctions in its processes can lead to cancer and inflammation since it is critical to neutrophil activity and in activating anti-inflammatory responses.1 Therefore, it is being studied for its use in cancer therapies and as a therapy for other diseases. Other examples of lactosylceramide second messenger functions are tumor necrosis factor α and platelet-derived growth factor. A deficiency in the enzyme responsible for hydrolyzing the galactose of lactosylceramide leads to lacosylceramidosis, which is characterized by an accumulation of lactosylceramide that causes a primary neurological disorder.2 Lactosylceramide is also important in the activation of platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 which causes adhesion and diapedesis of monocytes/lymphocytes.3
N-omega-CD3-Octadecanoyl-sulfatide Reference: M1536-1 This high purity deuterated product is ideal for the identification of sulfatides in samples and biological systems.1 Sulfatide is a type of sulfolipid that is found primarily in the central nervous system and is a myelin-specific sphingolipid. A deficiency of sulfatide in white and gray matter has been associated with Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia. Apoliprotein E plays an important regulating role in the metabolism of sulfatides.2 A production of anti-sulfatide antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid, leading to a deficiency in sulfatides, may be a cause of degeneration of the myelin sheath, leading to multiple sclerosis.3 Metachromatic leukodystrophy is an inherited disorder characterized by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme arylsulfatase A and the subsequent accumulation of sulfatide in neural and visceral tissues.4 An immunomodulatory role for sulfatides has been suggested in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Sulfatides decrease the in vitro production of proinflammatory cytokines.
N-omega-CD3-Octadecanoyl-ceramide trihexoside Reference: M1537-500 This high purity deuterated product is ideal for the identification of ceramide trihexoside in samples and biological systems. Ceramide trihexoside (CTH) is a glycosphingolipid found mostly in mammalian cell membranes. It is involved in cellular signaling and has been identified as a receptor for various toxins including shiga toxins and shiga-like toxins.1 Some toxins, such as veratoxins from Escherichia coli, require specific fatty acids on the ceramide portion of CTH to show affinity in binding. An accumulation of CTH in the cellular membranes due to a lack of alpha-galactosidase to convert it into lactosyl ceramide results in Fabry disease.2 This product can be used as an excellent standard for the identification of CTH in Fabry disease by HPLC3 and mass spectrometry.4 An inability to convert CTH to globoside due to mutations in the gene sequence leads to the Pk blood group phenotype. It appears that under certain conditions CTH can enhance anticoagulant activity. CTH has also been studied as a tool to investigate lymphocyte activation.5
N-Hexadecanoyl-D9 (13,13,14,14,15,15,16,16,16)-ceramide trihexoside Reference: M1551-500 This high purity deuterated product is ideal for the identification of ceramide trihexoside in samples and biological systems. Ceramide trihexoside (CTH) is a glycosphingolipid found mostly in mammalian cell membranes. It is involved in cellular signaling and has been identified as a receptor for various toxins including shiga toxins and shiga-like toxins.1 Some toxins, such as veratoxins from Escherichia coli, require specific fatty acids on the ceramide portion of CTH to show affinity in binding. An accumulation of CTH in the cellular membranes due to a lack of alpha-galactosidase to convert it into lactosyl ceramide results in Fabry disease.2 This product can be used as an excellent standard for the identification of CTH in Fabry disease by HPLC3 and mass spectrometry.4 An inability to convert CTH to globoside due to mutations in the gene sequence leads to the Pk blood group phenotype. It appears that under certain conditions CTH can enhance anticoagulant activity. CTH has also been studied as a tool to investigate lymphocyte activation.5