α-Pinene Reference: 21576-10 A bicyclic monoterpene with diverse biological activities; reduces the growth of a panel of seven Gram-positive bacteria, seven Gram-negative bacteria, and eight yeast strains (MICs = 0.75-1.29, 1.05-1.59, and 0.7-1.17% v/v, respectively); has insecticidal activity against C. molestus larvae (LC50s = 47-49 mg/L); induces apoptosis, increases anion superoxide production and DNA fragmentation, and activates caspase-3 in B16/F10 melanoma cells at 100 μg/ml; reduces the number of metastatic lung nodules in a B16/F10 mouse xenograft model at 100 ml of a 10 mg/ml solution; increases the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze in mice at 8.6 mg/L, aerosol,
α-Pinene Reference: 21576-50 A bicyclic monoterpene with diverse biological activities; reduces the growth of a panel of seven Gram-positive bacteria, seven Gram-negative bacteria, and eight yeast strains (MICs = 0.75-1.29, 1.05-1.59, and 0.7-1.17% v/v, respectively); has insecticidal activity against C. molestus larvae (LC50s = 47-49 mg/L); induces apoptosis, increases anion superoxide production and DNA fragmentation, and activates caspase-3 in B16/F10 melanoma cells at 100 μg/ml; reduces the number of metastatic lung nodules in a B16/F10 mouse xenograft model at 100 ml of a 10 mg/ml solution; increases the time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze in mice at 8.6 mg/L, aerosol,
(+)-Limonene Reference: 21719-1 A monocyclic monoterpene with diverse biological activities; inhibits the growth of bacteria including S. aureus, B. cereus, E. faecalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, and C. neoformans (MICs = 3-27 mg/ml); inhibits tumor growth and reduces the number of metastases in the liver, peritoneum, and other organs in a human BGC-823 gastric cancer nude mouse orthotopic transplantation model at 15 ml/kg of a 1% emulsion; reverses doxorubicin-induced decreases in GSH levels in rat kidney at 5 and 10% in the diet
(+)-Limonene Reference: 21719-5 A monocyclic monoterpene with diverse biological activities; inhibits the growth of bacteria including S. aureus, B. cereus, E. faecalis, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, M. catarrhalis, and C. neoformans (MICs = 3-27 mg/ml); inhibits tumor growth and reduces the number of metastases in the liver, peritoneum, and other organs in a human BGC-823 gastric cancer nude mouse orthotopic transplantation model at 15 ml/kg of a 1% emulsion; reverses doxorubicin-induced decreases in GSH levels in rat kidney at 5 and 10% in the diet
Geranyl Acetate Reference: 22184-1 A monoterpene with diverse biological activities; reduces compound action potential (CAP) peak amplitude in isolated frog sciatic nerves (IC50 = 0.51 mM); inhibits the radial growth of M. gypsum, T. vercossum, and C. tropicalis on solid media; sporicidal against B. subtilis at 1% in an agar diffusion assay; inhibits growth of COLO 205 cells (IC50 = 30 μM),
Geranyl Acetate Reference: 22184-10 A monoterpene with diverse biological activities; reduces compound action potential (CAP) peak amplitude in isolated frog sciatic nerves (IC50 = 0.51 mM); inhibits the radial growth of M. gypsum, T. vercossum, and C. tropicalis on solid media; sporicidal against B. subtilis at 1% in an agar diffusion assay; inhibits growth of COLO 205 cells (IC50 = 30 μM),
Geranyl Acetate Reference: 22184-5 A monoterpene with diverse biological activities; reduces compound action potential (CAP) peak amplitude in isolated frog sciatic nerves (IC50 = 0.51 mM); inhibits the radial growth of M. gypsum, T. vercossum, and C. tropicalis on solid media; sporicidal against B. subtilis at 1% in an agar diffusion assay; inhibits growth of COLO 205 cells (IC50 = 30 μM),
p-Cymene Reference: 23159-100 A monoterpene with diverse biological activities; inhibits the growth of S. typhimurium, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus (MICs = 0.266-0.608% v/v); decreases the invasive activity of HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells in vitro by 87% at 600 µM; in mouse hippocampus, reduces lipid peroxidation and nitrite content by 65.5 and 71.2%, respectively, and increases SOD and catalase activities by 22.7 and 119.3%, respectively, compared to vehicle control animals, at 50 mg/kg
(−)-Isopulegol Reference: 23161-100 A monoterpene with diverse biological activities; antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. faecium, E. coli, and M. smegmatis (MICs = 0.78, 12.5, 0.78, and 1.56 μl/ml, respectively, in an agar diffusion assay) and antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger (MIC = 1.56 μl/ml for both in an agar diffusion assay); inhibits C. albicans morphogenesis, adhesion, and biofilm formation (MICs = 0.125, 4, and 0.25 mg/ml, respectively); increases immobility time in the forced swim and tail suspension tests and increases the number of head dips in a hole board test and time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze in mice at 50 mg/kg; reduces the size of ulcerated lesions in the stomach in mouse models of ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric lesions at 100 mg/kg,
(−)-Isopulegol Reference: 23161-25 A monoterpene with diverse biological activities; antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. faecium, E. coli, and M. smegmatis (MICs = 0.78, 12.5, 0.78, and 1.56 μl/ml, respectively, in an agar diffusion assay) and antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger (MIC = 1.56 μl/ml for both in an agar diffusion assay); inhibits C. albicans morphogenesis, adhesion, and biofilm formation (MICs = 0.125, 4, and 0.25 mg/ml, respectively); increases immobility time in the forced swim and tail suspension tests and increases the number of head dips in a hole board test and time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze in mice at 50 mg/kg; reduces the size of ulcerated lesions in the stomach in mouse models of ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric lesions at 100 mg/kg,
(−)-Isopulegol Reference: 23161-250 A monoterpene with diverse biological activities; antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. faecium, E. coli, and M. smegmatis (MICs = 0.78, 12.5, 0.78, and 1.56 μl/ml, respectively, in an agar diffusion assay) and antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger (MIC = 1.56 μl/ml for both in an agar diffusion assay); inhibits C. albicans morphogenesis, adhesion, and biofilm formation (MICs = 0.125, 4, and 0.25 mg/ml, respectively); increases immobility time in the forced swim and tail suspension tests and increases the number of head dips in a hole board test and time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze in mice at 50 mg/kg; reduces the size of ulcerated lesions in the stomach in mouse models of ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric lesions at 100 mg/kg,
(−)-Isopulegol Reference: 23161-50 A monoterpene with diverse biological activities; antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. faecium, E. coli, and M. smegmatis (MICs = 0.78, 12.5, 0.78, and 1.56 μl/ml, respectively, in an agar diffusion assay) and antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger (MIC = 1.56 μl/ml for both in an agar diffusion assay); inhibits C. albicans morphogenesis, adhesion, and biofilm formation (MICs = 0.125, 4, and 0.25 mg/ml, respectively); increases immobility time in the forced swim and tail suspension tests and increases the number of head dips in a hole board test and time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze in mice at 50 mg/kg; reduces the size of ulcerated lesions in the stomach in mouse models of ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric lesions at 100 mg/kg,