(−)-Isopulegol

A monoterpene with diverse biological activities; antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. faecium, E. coli, and M. smegmatis (MICs = 0.78, 12.5, 0.78, and 1.56 μl/ml, respectively, in an agar diffusion assay) and antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. niger (MIC = 1.56 μl/ml for both in an agar diffusion assay); inhibits C. albicans morphogenesis, adhesion, and biofilm formation (MICs = 0.125, 4, and 0.25 mg/ml, respectively); increases immobility time in the forced swim and tail suspension tests and increases the number of head dips in a hole board test and time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze in mice at 50 mg/kg; reduces the size of ulcerated lesions in the stomach in mouse models of ethanol- and indomethacin-induced gastric lesions at 100 mg/kg,