N-1-13C-Hexadecanoyl-D-erythro-sphingosylphosphorylcholine Reference: M2200-1 This product is a stable isotope analog of sphingomyelin containing a 13C on the fatty acid portion of ceramide and is ideal for use as a standard. Sphingomyelin is found in mammalian cell membranes, especially in the membranes of the myelin sheath. It is the most abundant sphingolipid in mammals and is thought to be found mostly in the exoplasmic leaflet of the membrane although there is also evidence of a sphingomyelin pool in the inner leaflet of the membrane. It is involved in signal transduction and apoptosis.1 An improper ratio of sphingomyelin to ceramide has been shown to be a factor in Niemann-Pick disease2 and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome.3 However, the ratio of sphingomyelin to ceramide is different for different cell types.4 Sphingomyelin is an important amphiphilic component when plasma lipoprotein pools expand in response to large lipid loads or metabolic abnormalities.5 N-hexanoyl-sphingosylphosphorylcholine has been used to enhance the uptake of anti-tumor drugs by cancer cells, thereby increasing the cytotoxicity towards those cancer cells.6
StemRegenin 1 Reference: 10625-10 A purine derivative that reversibly antagonizes aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling (IC50 = 127 nM in CD34+ cells); induces a 50-fold increase in human embryonic stem cells expressing CD34 (EC50 = 120 nM) and a 17-fold increase in stem cells that retain the ability to engraft immunodeficient mice
N-omega-CD3-Octadecanoyl-D-erythro-sphingosine Reference: M2201-1 This product is a well-defined ceramide containing a deuterated stearic acid acylated to the sphingosine base making it an ideal stable isotope-labeled standard for lipidomic studies using mass spectrometry. Stable isotope-labeled tracers are ideal for studies involving the metabolism and various metabolites of a lipid and can be used for the quantitative evaluation of major lipid pathways.1 Lipidomics has shown great success in the use of deuterium labeled compounds in identifying and quantifying individual molecular species by the use of tandem mass spectrometry.2 Ceramide is a fatty acid amide of sphingosine that has many important biological functions and is the precursor for many complex glycosphingolipids. Ceramide functions as a precursor in the synthesis of sphingomyelin, glycosphingolipids, and of free sphingosine and fatty acids. The sphingosine can be phosphorylated to form sphingosine-1-phosphate. Two of ceramide’s metabolites, sphingosine- 1-phosphate and glucosylceramide, produce cell proliferation and other cellular functions.3 Ceramide exerts numerous biological effects, including induction of cell maturation, cell cycle arrest, terminal cell differentiation, cell senescence, and cell death.4 Because of these effects ceramide has been investigated for its use in cancer treatment and many potential approaches to cancer therapy have been presented.5 Other effects include producing reactive oxygen in mitochondria (followed by apoptosis) and stimulating phosphorylation of certain proteins (especially mitogen activated protein). It also stimulates some protein phosphatases (especially protein phosphatase 2A) making it an important controller of protein activity.
StemRegenin 1 Reference: 10625-5 A purine derivative that reversibly antagonizes aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling (IC50 = 127 nM in CD34+ cells); induces a 50-fold increase in human embryonic stem cells expressing CD34 (EC50 = 120 nM) and a 17-fold increase in stem cells that retain the ability to engraft immunodeficient mice
N-omega-CD3-Octadecanoyl-D-erythro-dihydrosphingosine Reference: M2202-1 This product is a well-defined dihydroceramide containing a deuterated stearic acid acylated to a sphinganine base making it an ideal stable isotope-labeled standard for lipidomic studies using mass spectrometry. Stable isotope-labeled tracers are ideal for studies involving the metabolism and various metabolites of a lipid and can be used for the quantitative evaluation of major lipid pathways.1 Lipidomics has shown great success in the use of deuterium labeled compounds in identifying and quantifying individual molecular species by the use of tandem mass spectrometry.2 Dihydroceramide is a critical intermediate in the de novo synthesis of ceramide, leading to many complex sphingolipids. It is synthesized by the acylation of sphinganine (dihydrosphingosine) and is subsequently converted to ceramide via the enzyme dihydroceramide desaturase or into phytosphingosine via the enzyme C4-hydroxylase.3 Inhibition of ceramide synthase by some fungal toxins (such as fumonisin B1) causes an accumulation of sphinganine and sphinganine-1- phosphate and a decrease in dihydroceramide and other dihydrosphingolipids, leading to a number of diseases including oesophageal cancer.4 The dihydroceramide desaturase inhibitor N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) retinamide (4-HPR) has been tested as an anti-cancer agent by inhibiting the dihydroceramide desaturase enzyme in cells resulting in a high concentration of dihydroceramide and dihydro-sphingolipids and this is thought to be the cause of its anti-cancer effects.5 Oxidative stress in cells causes an increase in the amount of dihydroceramide by potently inhibiting the desaturase enzyme.6 Dihydroceramide inhibits the formation of channels by ceramides and may thus reduce ceramide induced apoptosis in cells.7
AS-1269574 Reference: 10626-1 An agonist of GPR199 that is effective both in isolated cells and in vivo; increases cAMP levels in HEK293 cells transfected with human GPR119 (EC50 = 2.5 μM) and promotes glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice (100 mg/kg)
Ethyl 6(Z),9(Z),12(Z),15(Z)-Octadecatetraenoate, mg Reference: 30-1840 Synonyms: 6(Z),9(Z),12(Z),15(Z)-Octadecic acidtraenoic acid Ethyl ester