Recombinant Tityus serrulatus Alpha-mammal toxin Ts2

Alpha toxins bind voltage-independently at site-3 of sodium channels and inhibit the inactivation of the activated channels, thereby blocking neuronal transmission. This toxin acts on Nav1.2/SCN2A, Nav1.3/SCN3A, Nav1.5/SCN5A, Nav1.6/SCN8A and Nav1.7/SCN9A voltage-gated sodium channels, with the highest affinity for Nav1.3/SCN3A, followed by Nav1.6/SCN8A and Nav1.7/SCN9A which are affected almost equally. Interestingly, shows a significant shift of the voltage dependence of activation for Nav1.3/SCN3A that is characteristic of beta-toxins . In addition, in presence of LPS, this toxin inhibits the release of NO, IL-6 and TNF-alpha in J774.1 cells . Further, in the absence of LPS, it stimulates the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 . This toxin is active on mammals.