Active Recombinant Human TNF-alpha Protein Reference: RP00001 Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), also known as TNF, TNFA or TNFSF2, is the prototypic cytokine of the TNF superfamily. This cytokine is mainly secreted by macrophages. It can bind to, and thus functions through its receptors TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. This cytokine is involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, lipid metabolism, and coagulation. This cytokine has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. KNockout studies in mice also suggested the neuroprotective function of this cytokine.
Active Recombinant Human IL-1 beta Protein Reference: RP00002 Interleukin-1 beta (IL1 beta or IL1B) also known as catabolin, is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family.This cytokine is produced by activated macrophages as a proprotein, which is proteolytically processed to its active form by caspase 1 (CASP1/ICE). This cytokine is an important mediator of the inflammatory response, and is involved in a variety of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (PTGS2/COX2) by this cytokine in the central nervous system (CNS) is found to contribute to inflammatory pain hypersensitivity.
Recombinant Human IL-1RN Protein Reference: RP00003 Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) also known as IL1RN is a member of the interleukin 1 cytokine family. This protein inhibits the activities of interleukin 1, alpha (IL1A) and interleukin 1, beta (IL1B), and modulates a variety of interleukin 1 related immune and inflammatory responses. A polymorphism of this protein is reported to be associated with increased risk of osteoporotic fractures and gastric cancer.
Recombinant Human IL-6 Protein Reference: RP00004 Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional α-helical cytokine that regulates cell growth and differentiation of various tissues, which is known particularly for its role in the immune response and acute phase reactions. The encoded protein has been shown to be an endogenous pyrogen capable of inducing fever in people with autoimmune diseases or infections. The protein is primarily produced at sites of acute and chronic inflammation, where it is secreted into the serum and induces a transcriptional inflammatory response through interleukin 6 receptor, alpha. The functioning of this protein is implicated in a wide variety of inflammation-associated disease states, including suspectibility to diabetes mellitus and systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
Recombinant Human MANF Protein Reference: RP00005 The protein is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and golgi, and is also secreted. Reducing expression of this protein increases susceptibility to ER stress-induced death and results in cell proliferation. Activity of this protein is important in promoting the survival of dopaminergic neurons. The presence of polymorphisms in the N-terminal arginine-rich region, including a specific mutation that changes an ATG start codon to AGG, have been reported in a variety of solid tumors; however, these polymorphisms were later shown to exist in Normal tissues and are thus no longer thought to be tumor-related.
Recombinant Human Galectin-1/LGALS1 Protein Reference: RP00007 Galectin-1, also known as LGALS1 (lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble 1), is a 135 amino acid (aa), 14 kDa, pleiotropic, Non-glycosylated, monomeric or homodimeric carbohydrate-binding protein of the prototype galectin family. Galectins lack a classical signal peptide and can be localized to the cytosolic compartments, or secreted by non-classical pathways. Secreted Galectin-1 has immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties and suppresses acute and chronic inflammation and autoimmunity. It contributes to negative selection of developing T cells, immunosuppression by regulatory T cells, resolution of the inflammatory response, and inhibition of immune cell migration, inflammatory cytokine production, and mast cell degranulation. Galectin-1 contributes to different steps of tumour progression including cell adhesion, migration and tumour-immune escape, suggesting that blockade of galectin-1 might result in therapeutic benefits in cancer. Several potential glycoprotein ligands for galectin-1 have been identified, including lysosome-associated membrane glycoproteins and fibronectin, laminin, as well as T-cell glycoproteins CD43 and CD45. Evidence points to Gal-1 and its ligands as one of the master regulators of such immune responses as T-cell homeostasis and survival, T-cell immune disorders, inflammation and allergies as well as host-pathogen interactions.
Recombinant Human FABP4/A-FABP/ALBP Protein Reference: RP00008 Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte, also known as Adipocyte-type fatty acid-binding protein. It is a cytoplasm protein which belongs to the calycin superfamily and Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family. In familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL), FABP4 correlated to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index.FABP4 levels were associated with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In humans serum FABP4 levels correlate significantly with features of PCOS. It appears to be a determinant of atherogenic dyslipidemia. FABP4 pathway mediates the sebaceous gland hyperplasia in keratinocyte-specific Pten-null mice. FABP4 concentration significantly increased with an increasing of MS features and was strongly correlated with body-mass index, triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol concentrations and blood pressure. FABP4 is a strong plasma marker of metabolic disturbances in HIV-infected patients, and therefore, could serve to guide therapeutic intervention in this group of patients.
Active Recombinant Human S100-A12 Protein Reference: RP00009 The protein is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 proteins include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein is proposed to be involved in specific calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways and its regulatory effect on cytoskeletal components may modulate various neutrophil activities. The protein includes an antimicrobial peptide which has antibacterial activity.
Active Recombinant Human S100-A12 Protein Reference: RP00009LQ The protein is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 proteins include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein is proposed to be involved in specific calcium-dependent signal transduction pathways and its regulatory effect on cytoskeletal components may modulate various neutrophil activities. The protein includes an antimicrobial peptide which has antibacterial activity.
Active Recombinant Human HMGB1 Protein Reference: RP00010 High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), also known as HMG-1 or amphoterin previously, is a member of the HMGB family consisting of three members, HMGB1, HMGB2 and HMGB3. Posttranslational modification of HMGB1, including acetylation, phosphorylation, and methylation, affects HMGB1 localization, receptor interactions, and bioactivity. HMGB1 can be localized to the nucleus or cytoplasm and can also be secreted despite its lack of a signal peptide. HMGB1 binds DNA in a non-sequence specific manner and may act as a structural cofactor during gene transcription.Acetylation of HMGB1 results in its cytoplasmic localization and eventual secretion. HMGB1 can be secreted by multiple cell types, and it is also released upon cell necrosis, apoptosis, and pyroptosis.
Recombinant Human IFN-alpha 1/13(Q114A) Protein Reference: RP00011 IFNA1, also known as IFN-alpha and IFNA, belongs to the alpha/beta interferon family. Interferons(IFNs) are proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or tumor cells.Leukocyte interferon is produced predominantly by B lymphocytes. Immune interferon is produced by mitogen- or antigen-stimulated T lymphocytes. IFNA1 is produced by macrophages and has has both anti-viral and immunomodulatory activities on target cells.
Recombinant Human UBE2D3 Protein Reference: RP00012 The modification of proteins with ubiquitin is an important cellular mechanism for targeting abnormal or short-lived proteins for degradation. Ubiquitination involves at least three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes, or E1s, ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, or E2s, and ubiquitin-protein ligases, or E3s. This gene encodes a member of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. This enzyme functions in the ubiquitination of the tumor-suppressor protein p53, which is induced by an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase.