IL-2 (mouse) (monomeric):Fc (LALA-PG)-KIH (human) (rec.) Reference: AG-40B-0264 Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a 133 amino acid glycoprotein with one intramolecular disulfide bond and variable glycosylation. It is secreted by activated T cells and induces proliferation and maturation of activated T cells, natural killer cells and lymphokine activated killer cells. IL-2 also stimulates proliferation of antibody-producing B cells, activates neutrophils and induces mononuclear cells to secrete IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and -beta. Moreover, studies have shown that IL-2 is required for activation-induced apoptosis, an important homeostatic mechanism in the immune system, which is involved in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens.IL-2 promotes T cell proliferation and particularly naive T cells. IL-2 signaling on activated T cells is effected through a quaternary high-affinity receptor complex consisting of IL-2, IL-2Ralpha (CD25), IL-2Rbeta and IL-2Rgamma. Naive T cells are relatively insensitive to IL-2 as they only express small amounts of IL-2Rbeta and IL-2Rgamma. They only acquire sensitivity after CD25 expression, which captures the cytokine and presents it to the IL-2Rbeta and IL-2Rgamma receptors. IL-2 is used in the treatment of metastatic cancer cells. Recently synergy has been observed between IL-2 based therapy and checkpoint blockade for cancer treatments. Cells which bear receptors for IL-2 stimulation are modulated by checkpoint inhibition either directly or through other lymphocytes, and lymphocytes which are effectors of checkpoint inhibition may respond to IL-2. The protein IL-2 (mouse) (monomeric):Fc (LALA-PG)-KIH (human) (rec.) is produced by using two different vectors, one encoding for the IL-2 (mouse):Fc (LALA-PG) Knobs sequence (synthesizing a protein of 45kDa) and one encoding for the Fc Holes sequence (synthesizing a protein of 28kDa). Both vectors transfected into HEK293 cells produce both Fc molecules (Knobs-into-Holes technology; J.B. Ridgway, et al.; Protein Eng. 9, 617 (1996)) required for dimerization of the Fc moieties and for secretion of the final protein IL-2 (mouse) (monomeric):Fc (LALA-PG)-KIH (human) (rec.). The LALA-PG mutations inhibit binding to FcgammaRs and C1q while FcRn binding and Fc stability remain unaffected. InVivoKines™ are a new generation of recombinant fusion proteins for immunotherapeutic, preclinical and translational in vivo research, developed and manufactured by AdipoGen Life Sciences.
IL-11 (human) (monomeric):Fc (LALA-PG)-KIH (human) (rec.) Reference: AG-40B-0266 Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a 19 kDa monomeric protein. IL-11 forms a hexameric signaling complex, which consists of the cytokine, the cognate receptor (IL-11Ralpha) and the common signaling receptor (GP130) in a 2:2:2 stoichiometry. Interleukin-11 (IL-11) belongs to the IL-6 family of cytokines, which includes IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, Oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor, cardiotrophin-1, cardiotrophin-like cytokine, neuropoietin, IL-27 and IL-31. Interleukin-11 (IL-11) has diverse biological activities: i) it stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells, enhances the production of megakaryocytes, leading to increased platelet production (thrombopoiesis); ii) IL-11 activates fibroblasts and exhibits either a pro-inflammatory or pro-fibrotic phenotype. Recently, IL-11 has been shown to be a key factor in 'inflammaging' (chronic inflammation), one of the hallmarks of aging leading to age-related illnesses, including cardiometabolic, neurodegenerative, musculoskeletal dysfunction and cancer. Inhibition of IL-11 has been shown to increase lifespan and health span in mice. IL-11 influences aging by inducing IL-33 in fibroblasts and NLRP3 in macrophages. The protein IL-11 (human) (monomeric):Fc (LALA-PG)-KIH (human) (rec.) is produced by using two different vectors, one encoding for the IL-11 (human):Fc (LALA-PG) Knobs sequence (synthesizing a protein of 50 kDa) and one encoding for the Fc (LALA-PG) Holes sequence (synthesizing a protein of 28kDa). Both vectors transfected into HEK293 cells produce both Fc molecules (Knobs-into-Holes technology; J.B. Ridgway, et al.; Protein Eng. 9, 617 (1996)) required for dimerization of the Fc moieties and for secretion of the final protein IL-11 (human) (monomeric):Fc-KIH (human) (rec.). The LALA-PG mutations inhibit binding to FcgammaRs and C1q while FcRn binding and Fc stability remain unaffected. InVivoKines™ are a new generation of recombinant fusion proteins for immunotherapeutic, preclinical and translational in vivo research, developed and manufactured by AdipoGen Life Sciences.