Resolvin E4

An SPM; produced from EPA by 15-LO via 15(S)-HpEPE and 15S-hydroxy, 5S-HpEPE intermediates in vitro and by isolated human M2 macrophages or PMN neutrophils under normoxic or hypoxic conditions; enhanced synthesis in M2 macrophage and neutrophil co-cultures, indicating transcellular biosynthesis by a potential 15-LO and 5-LO mechanism; has been found in mouse inflammatory exudates; increases efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils or sRBCs by human M2 macrophages under hypoxic conditions in vitro; inhibits zymosan A- and thrombin-induced increases in inflammatory exudate neutrophil infiltration in a mouse model of hemorrhagic peritonitis at 100 ng/animal; increases inflammatory exudate macrophage infiltration and efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils and/or RBCs in the same model